Handicraft

Handicraft

Handicraft

6 techniques of making handicraft products of hard materials - "Arts and crafts" redirects here. For other uses, see Arts and crafts (disambiguation).
   
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A handicraft Selling-Factory shop, Isfahan-Iran
Typical Filipino handmade brooms in a restaurant of Banaue Municipal Town.

A handicraft, sometimes more precisely expressed as artisanal handicraft or handmade, is any of a wide variety of types of work where useful and decorative objects are made completely by hand or by using only simple tools. It is a traditional main sector of craft, and applies to a wide range of creative and design activities that are related to making things with one's hands and skill, including work with textiles, moldable and rigid materials, paper, plant fibers, etc. Usually the term is applied to traditional techniques of creating items (whether for personal use or as products) that are both practical and aesthetic.

Collective terms for handicrafts include artisanry, handicrafting, crafting, and handicraftsmanship. The term arts and crafts is also applied, especially in the United States and mostly to hobbyists' and children's output rather than items crafted for daily use, but this distinction is not formal, and the term is easily confused with the Arts and Crafts design movement, which is in fact as practical as it is aesthetic.

Handicrafting has its roots in the rural crafts—the material-goods necessities—of ancient civilizations, and many specific crafts have been practiced for centuries, while others are modern inventions, or popularizations of crafts which were originally practiced in a limited geographic area.

Many handicrafters use natural, even entirely indigenous, materials while others may prefer modern, non-traditional materials, and even upcycle industrial materials. The individual artisanship of a handicrafted item is the paramount criterion; those made by mass production or machines are not handicraft goods.

Seen as developing the skills and creative interests of students, generally and sometimes towards a particular craft or trade, handicrafts are often integrated into educational systems, both informally and formally. Most crafts require the development of skill and the application of patience, but can be learned by virtually anyone.

Like folk art, handicraft output often has cultural and/or religious significance, and increasingly may have a political message as well, as in craftivism. Many crafts become very popular for brief periods of time (a few months, or a few years), spreading rapidly among the crafting population as everyone emulates the first examples, then their popularity wanes until a later resurgence.



The Arts and Crafts movement in the West


The Arts and Crafts movement originated as a late 19th-century design reform and social movement principally in Europe, North America and Australia, and continues today. Its proponents are motivated by the ideals of movement founders such as William Morris and John Ruskin, who proposed that in pre-industrial societies, sujpch as the European Middle Ages, people had achieved fulfillment through the creative process of handicrafts. This was held up in contrast to what was perceived to be the alienating effects of industrial labor.
Works Progress Administration, Crafts Class, 1935.

These activities were called crafts because originally many of them were professions under the guild system. Adolescents were apprenticed to a master craftsman, and refined their skills over a period of years in exchange for low wages. By the time their training was complete, they were well equipped to set up in trade for themselves, earning their living with the skill that could be traded directly within the community, often for goods and services. The Industrial Revolution and the increasing mechanisation of production processes gradually reduced or eliminated many of the roles professional craftspeople played, and today many handicrafts are increasingly seen, especially when no longer the mainstay of a formal vocational trade, as a form of hobby, folk art and sometimes even fine art.

The term handicrafts can also refer to the products themselves of such artisanal efforts, that require specialized knowledge, may be highly technical in their execution, require specialized equipment and/or facilities to produce, involve manual labor or a blue-collar work ethic, are accessible to the general public, and are constructed from materials with histories that exceed the boundaries of Western "fine art" tradition, such as ceramics, glass, textiles, metal and wood. These products are produced within a specific community of practice, and while they mostly differ from the products produced within the communities of art and design, the boundaries often overlap, resulting in hybrid objects. Additionally, as the interpretation and validation of art is frequently a matter of context, an audience may perceive handicrafted objects as art objects when these objects are viewed within an art context, such as in a museum or in a position of prominence in one's home.
Handicrafts in modern education
At the Buell Children's Museum in Pueblo, Colorado, children and their guardians partake in "arts and crafts" (i.e. handicrafts).

Simple "arts and crafts" projects are a common elementary and middle school activity in both mainstream and alternative education systems around the world.

In some of the Scandinavian countries, more advanced handicrafts form part of the formal, compulsory school curriculum, and are collectively referred to as sloyd in Swedish, and käsityö or veisto in Finnish. Students learn how to work with mainly metal, textile and wood, not for professional training purposes as in American vocational–technical schools, but with the aim to develop children's and teens' practical skills, such as everyday problem-solving ability, tool use, and understanding of the materials that surround us for economical, cultural and environmental purposes.

Secondary schools and college and university art departments increasingly provide elective options for more handicraft-based arts, in addition to formal "fine arts", a distinction that continues to fade throughout the years, especially with the rise of studio craft, i.e. the use of traditional handicrafting techniques by professional fine artists.

Many community centers and schools run evening or day classes and workshops, for adults and children, offering to teach basic craft skills in a short period of time.
Handcrafted shoes from bamboo made by artists of West Bengal, India, at a fair in Kolkata
A hand made sofa set made from fibres extracted from bamboo at a fair in Kolkata. Made by artists of West Bengal, India.
List of common handicrafts

There are almost as many variations on the theme of handicrafts as there are crafters with time on their hands, but they can be broken down into a number of categories:
Using textiles or leather

    Bagh prints
    Banner-making
    Calligraphy
    Canvas work
    Cross-stitch
    Crochet
    Darning
    Embroidery
    Felting
    Knitting
    Lace-making
    Embossing leather
    Lucet
    Macrame
    Millinery (hat making)
    Needlepoint
    Needlework generally
    Patchwork
    Quilting
    Ribbon embroidery
    Rug making
    Saddlemaking
    Sewing generally
    Shoe making (cordwaining)
    Silkscreening
    Spinning (textiles)
    String art
    Tapestry
    Tatting
    T-shirt art
    Weaving

Using wood, metal, clay, bone, horn, glass, or stone

    Bead work
    Bone carving (buffalo, camel, etc., as well as horn and
    Brass broidered coconut shell craft of Kerala
    Buffalo Horn Plates
    Carpentry
    Ceramic art generally
    Chip carving
    Copper arts
    Dollhouse construction and furnishing
    Doll making
    Enameling and Grisaille
    Fretwork
    Glass etching
    Glassblowing
    Jewelry design
    Lapidary
    Lath art
    Marquetry
    Metalwork
    Mosaics
    Pottery
    Puppet making
    Repoussé and chasing (embossing metal)
    Scale modeling
    Sculpture
    Stained glass
    Toy making
    Wood burning (pyrography)
    Wood carving
    Wood turning
    Woodworking generally

Using paper or canvas

    Altered books
    Artist trading cards
    Assemblage – collage in three dimensions
    Bookbinding
    Cardmaking
    Collage
    Décollage
    Decoupage
    Embossing paper
    Iris folding
    Origami or paper folding
    Paper craft generally
    Paper making
    Paper marbling
    Paper modeling, paper craft or card modeling
    Papier-mâché
    Parchment craft
    Pop-up books
    Quilling or paper filigree
    Rubber/acrylic stamping
    Scrapbooking

Using plants other than wood

    Basket weaving
    Corn dolly making
    Floral design
    Pressed flower craft
    Straw marquetry

Other

    Balloon animals
    Cake decorating
    Egg decorating

Sales venues

Handicrafts are often made for home use.[1] If sold, they are sold in Direct sales,[2] Gift shops,[3] Public markets,[4] and Online shopping.[5] In developing countries, handicrafts are sold to locals and as Souvenirs to tourists.[6] Sellers tend to speak at least a few words of common tourist languages.[7] There are also specialty markets such as:

    Pike Place Public Market of Seattle
    Street Artists Program of San Francisco
    Ann Arbor Art Fairs
    International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou

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